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MILNET

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<td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;">Internet history timeline

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Early research and development:

<ul><li>1960–1962: <a href="J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a> networking ideas</li>

<li>1960–1964: <a href="RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</li>

<li>1962–1964: <a href="DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</li>

<li>1965 (1965): <a href="NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</li>

<li>1966 (1966): <a href="Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</li>

<li>1967 (1967): <a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</li>

<li>1967 (1967): <a href="Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></li>

<li>1969 (1969): NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</li>

<li>1970 (1970): <a href="InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</li>

<li>1971 (1971): <a href="Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</li>

<li>1972 (1972): Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</li>

<li>1972 (1972): <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</li>

<li>1973 (1973): <a href="CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</li>

<li>1973 (1973): <a href="PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</li>

<li>1974 (1974): <a href="Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</li>

<li>1975 (1975): <a href="Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</li>

<li>1976 (1976): <a href="X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></li>

<li>1978 (1978): <a href="Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</li>

<li>1979 (1979): <a href="Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</li>

<li>1980 (1980): <a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li>

<li>1980 (1980): <a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</li>

<li>1981 (1981): <a href="BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</li></ul>

Merging the networks and creating the Internet:

<ul><li>1981 (1981): <a href="CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</li>

<li>1982 (1982): <a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</li>

<li>1982 (1982): <a href="Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</li>

<li>1983 (1983): <a href="Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</li>

<li>1983 (1983): split off from ARPANET</li>

<li>1984 (1984): <a href="OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</li>

<li>1985 (1985): <a href="Domain_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></li>

<li>1986 (1986): <a href="National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</li>

<li>1986 (1986): <a href="Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</li>

<li>1987 (1987): <a href="UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</li>

<li>1988 (1988): <a href="National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</li>

<li>1988 (1988): <a href="Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></li>

<li>1988 (1988): Complete <a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></li>

<li>1989 (1989): <a href="Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</li>

<li>1989 (1989): <a href="PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</li>

<li>1989 (1989): <a href="Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></li>

<li>1990 (1990): <a href="Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</li>

<li>1990 (1990): ARPANET decommissioned</li>

<li>1990 (1990): <a href="Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</li>

<li>1991 (1991): <a href="Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</li>

<li>1991 (1991): <a href="Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></li>

<li>1991 (1991): <a href="Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</li>

<li>1991 (1991): <a href="Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</li>

<li>1991 (1991): <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</li>

<li>1992 (1992): <a href="National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</li>

<li>1992 (1992): <a href="Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</li>

<li>1993 (1993): <a href="Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</li>

<li>1993 (1993): <a href="InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</li>

<li>1993 (1993): <a href="AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</li>

<li>1993 (1993): <a href="NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</li>

<li>1994 (1994): <a href="Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></li>

<li>1994 (1994): <a href="North_American_Network_Operators'_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</li></ul>

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

<ul><li>1995 (1995): New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></li>

<li>1996 (1996): <a href="AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</li>

<li>1998 (1998): <a href="ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</li>

<li>2000 (2000): <a href="Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</li>

<li>2001 (2001): <a href="Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></li>

<li>2001 (2001): <a href="Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</li>

<li>2003 (2003): <a href="World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>2003 (2003): <a href="National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</li>

<li>2004 (2004): <a href="Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></li>

<li>2005 (2005): <a href="World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></li>

<li>2006 (2006): <a href="Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></li>

<li>2010 (2010): <a href="Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</li>

<li>2012 (2012): <a href="Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></li>

<li>2013 (2013): <a href="Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></li>

<li>2014 (2014): <a href="NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></li>

<li>2016 (2016): <a href="ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</li></ul>

Examples of Internet services:

<ul><li>1989 (1989): <a href="AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</li>

<li>1995 (1995): <a href="AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</li>

<li>1996 (1996): <a href="Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</li>

<li>1996 (1996): <a href="Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</li>

<li>1997 (1997): <a href="Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></li>

<li>1997 (1997): <a href="Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</li>

<li>1998 (1998): <a href="Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></li>

<li>1998 (1998): <a href="PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</li>

<li>1998 (1998): <a href="Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</li>

<li>1999 (1999): <a href="Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</li>

<li>2000 (2000): <a href="Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</li>

<li>2003 (2003): <a href="LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</li>

<li>2003 (2003): <a href="Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</li>

<li>2003 (2003): <a href="The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</li>

<li>2004 (2004): <a href="Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</li>

<li>2004 (2004): <a href="Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</li>

<li>2004 (2004): <a href="Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</li>

<li>2005 (2005): <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</li>

<li>2005 (2005): <a href="Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</li>

<li>2005 (2005): <a href="Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</li>

<li>2006 (2006): <a href="Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</li>

<li>2007 (2007): <a href="WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</li>

<li>2007 (2007): <a href="Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></li>

<li>2007 (2007): <a href="Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</li>

<li>2008 (2008): <a href="Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</li>

<li>2008 (2008): <a href="Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</li>

<li>2008 (2008): <a href="Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</li>

<li>2008 (2008): <a href="Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</li>

<li>2009 (2009): <a href="Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</li>

<li>2009 (2009): <a href="Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</li>

<li>2009 (2009): <a href="Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></li>

<li>2009 (2009): <a href="Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></li>

<li>2010 (2010): <a href="Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li>

<li>2011 (2011): <a href="Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li>

<li>2011 (2011): <a href="Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></li>

<li>2012 (2012): <a href="Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</li>

<li>2016 (2016): <a href="TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></li></ul>

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In computer networking, MILNET (fully Military Network) was the name given to the part of the <a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> <a href="Internetwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Internetwork">internetwork</a> designated for unclassified <a href="United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> traffic.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

MILNET was physically separated from the ARPANET in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The ARPANET remained in service for the academic research community, but direct connectivity between the networks was severed for <a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a> reasons. <a href="Gateway_(telecommunications)" title="Gateway (telecommunications)">Gateways</a> relayed <a href="Electronic_mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mail">electronic mail</a> between the two networks. <a href="BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">BBN Technologies</a> built and managed both the MILNET and the ARPANET and the two networks used very similar technology. It is also known as "Military Net."<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>

During the 1980s the MILNET expanded as part of the <a href="Defense_Data_Network" title="Defense Data Network">Defense Data Network</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> a worldwide set of military networks running at different security levels. In the 1990s, MILNET became the <a href="NIPRNET" class="mw-redirect" title="NIPRNET">NIPRNET</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> DEFENSE DATA NETWORK NEWSLETTER <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/museum/ddn-news/ddn-news.n26.1">DDN-NEWS 26</a>, 6 May 1983

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Harris, Dr. Thomas G., et al., "Development of the MILNET," 15th Annual Electronics and Aerospace Systems Conference, Eascon 82, IEEE CH1828 Conference Record, 1982, pp. 77-80.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA164353.pdf">ARPANET INFORMATION BROCHURE</a> (NIC 50003) Defense Communications Agency, December 1985.

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</style><cite id="CITEREFAlex_McKenzieDave_Walden1991" class="citation book cs1">Alex McKenzie; Dave Walden (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaRBTHdUKmgC&pg=PA341">"ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet"</a>. The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications. Vol. 1. CRC Press. pp. 341–375. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8247-2900-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisegeek.com/what-was-milnet.htm">"What Was MILNET?"</a>. wiseGEEK. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</cite>

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</style><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a>

<ul><li><a href="Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a>

<ul><li><a href="Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li>

<li><a href="Edholm's_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a>

<ul><li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li>

<li><a href="Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li>

<li><a href="Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a>

<ul><li><a href="Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a>

<ul><li><a href="Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li>

<li><a href="MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li>

<li><a href="Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li>

<li><a href="Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a>

<ul><li><a href="Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li>

<li><a href="Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li>

<li><a href="Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li>

<li><a href="Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li>

<li><a href="Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Houser_Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li>

<li><a href="Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li>

<li><a href="Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li>

<li><a href="Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li>

<li><a href="Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li>

<li><a href="Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li>

<li><a href="Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li>

<li><a href="Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li>

<li><a href="Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li>

<li><a href="Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li>

<li><a href="Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li>

<li><a href="Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li>

<li><a href="Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li>

<li><a href="Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li>

<li><a href="Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li>

<li><a href="Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li>

<li><a href="Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li>

<li><a href="Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li>

<li><a href="Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a>

<ul><li><a href="Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a>

<ul><li><a href="Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a> and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a>

<ul><li><a href="Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li>

<li><a href="Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li>

<li><a href="Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li>

<li><a href="Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li>

<li><a href="BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li>

<li><a href="CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li>

<li><a href="FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li>

<li><a href="JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li>

<li><a href="NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li>

<li><a href="TANet" title="TANet">TANet</a></li>

<li><a href="Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li>

<li><a href="Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Africa</li>

<li>Americas

<ul><li>North</li>

<li>South</li></ul></li>

<li>Antarctica</li>

<li>Europe</li>

<li>Oceania</li>

<li><a href="List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ATelecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul>

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